
GPS: Mathematics and positioning | Tangente
GPS
By knowing the Sun's altitude above the horizon and the exact time, navigators were able to determine their longitude and latitude.


By knowing the Sun's altitude above the horizon and the exact time, navigators were able to determine their longitude and latitude.


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Since antiquity, navigators have sought to find their position at sea, first developing instruments and then maps before the practice was standardized in the 19th century. This practical and strategic use of mathematics endured for centuries before other tools superseded it.

How can you determine your position when sailing offshore or along the coast? With land in sight, one or two landmarks are enough. On the open sea, sailors’ ingenuity led to the invention of sophisticated instruments such as the sextant and the Cras plotter. A little geometry is essential to use them.

Is it not astonishing that chance should obey a law? Two of the greatest mathematical geniuses proved that most random phenomena are governed by the "normal" distribution. Simple in form, it underpins the statistical interpretation of a set of measurements.

A portrait of Gladys West, the African-American mathematician whose geodetic models enabled the development of modern GPS.
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