Today, to perform an elementary calculation such as 128 + 361, we turn to a basic calculator, a smartphone or a computer. These devices were not always available. Calculation methods were developed to perform such a task “by hand”; these are known as column arithmetic or written arithmetic. A calculation is set out and performed as follows:
“Written arithmetic” therefore means breaking a complicated calculation down into several more elementary ones. In our example, the addition of two three-digit numbers becomes three additions of two one-digit numbers. The written layout makes things easier, so that we do not have to rely solely on mental arithmetic.
No universal technique
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Developing calculation techniques seems to be a universal practice. Historically, however, did everyone have the same techniques? Are those we use today the most practical? The answer to both questions is no.
